寻找关于奥运历史和比赛项目的英文材料

寻找关于奥运历史和比赛项目的英文材料
寻找关于奥运历史和比赛项目的英文材料

寻找关于奥运历史和比赛项目的英文材料
The Olympic Games (often referred to simply as The Olympics or The Games[1]) is an international multi-sport event subdivided into summer and winter sporting events.The summer and winter games are each held every four years (an Olympiad[2]).Until 1992,they were both held in the same year.Since then,they have been separated two years apart.
The original Olympic Games (Greek:螣位蠀渭蟺喂伪魏慰ί 螒纬ώ谓蔚ς; Olympiakoi Agones) began in 776 BC in Olympia,Greece,and was celebrated until AD 393.[3] Interest in reviving the Olympic Games proper was first shown by the Greek poet and newspaper editor Panagiotis Soutsos in his poem "Dialogue of the Dead" in 1833.[4] Evangelos Zappas sponsored the first modern international Olympic Games in 1859.He paid for the refurbishment of the Panathinaiko Stadium for Games held there in 1870 and 1875.[4] This was noted in newspapers and publications around the world including the London Review,which stated that "the Olympian Games,discontinued for centuries,have recently been revived!Here is strange news indeed ...the classical games of antiquity were revived near Athens".[5]
The International Olympic Committee was founded in 1894 on the initiative of a French nobleman,Pierre Fr茅dy,Baron de Coubertin.The first of the IOC's Olympic Games were the 1896 Summer Olympics,held in Athens,Greece.Participation in the Olympic Games has increased to include athletes from nearly all nations worldwide.With the improvement of satellite communications and global telecasts of the events,the Olympics are consistently gaining supporters.[6] The most recent Summer Olympics were the 2004 Games in Athens and the most recent Winter Olympics were the 2006 Games in Turin.The upcoming games in Beijing are planned to comprise 302 events in 28 sports.[7] As of 2006,the Winter Olympics were competed in 84 events in 7 sports.[8]
Modern Olympics
Main articles:Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games
After the initial success,the Olympics struggled.The celebrations in Paris (1900) and St.Louis (1904) were overshadowed by the World's Fair exhibitions in which they were included.The so-called Intercalated Games (because of their off-year status,as 1906 is not divisible by four) were held in 1906 in Athens,as the first of an alternating series of Athens-held Olympics.Although originally the IOC recognised and supported these games,they are currently not recognised by the IOC as Olympic Games,which has given rise to the explanation that they were intended to mark the 10th anniversary of the modern Olympics.The 1906 Games again attracted a broad international field of participants鈥攊n 1904,80% had been American鈥攁nd great public interest,thereby marking the beginning of a rise in popularity and size of the Games.
From the 241 participants from 14 nations in 1896,the Games grew to nearly 11,100 competitors from 202 countries at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.The number of competitors at the Winter Olympics is much smaller than at the Summer Games; at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin Italy,2,633 athletes from 80 countries competed in 84 events.
The Olympics are one of the largest media events.In Sydney in 2000 there were over 16,000 broadcasters and journalists,and an estimated 3.8 billion viewers watched the games on television.The growth of the Olympics is one of the largest problems the Olympics face today.Although allowing professional athletes and attracting sponsorships from major international companies solved financial problems in the 1980s,the large number of athletes,media and spectators makes it difficult and expensive for host cities to organize the Olympics.
203 countries currently participate in the Olympics.This is a noticeably higher number than the number of countries belonging to the United Nations,which is only 193.The International Olympic Committee allows nations to compete which do not meet the strict requirements for political sovereignty that many other international organizations demand.As a result,many colonies and dependencies are permitted to host their own Olympic teams and athletes even if such competitors hold the same citizenship as another member nation.Examples of this include territories such as Puerto Rico,Bermuda,and Hong Kong,all of which compete as separate nations despite being legally a part of another country.Also,since 1980,Taiwan has competed under the name "Chinese Taipei",and under a flag specially prepared by the IOC.Prior to that year the People's Republic of China refused to participate in the Games because Taiwan had been competing under the name "Republic of China".The Republic of the Marshall Islands was recognised as a nation by the IOC on February 9,2006,and should compete in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.[13]
[edit] Youth Olympic Games
Main article:Youth Olympic Games
The Youth Olympic Games (YOG)[14] are planned to be a "junior" version of the Games,complementing the current "senior" Games,[15] and will feature athletes between the ages of 14 and 18.[16] The idea for such an event was envisioned in 2001 by IOC president Jacques Rogge,[17] and at the 119th IOC session in Guatemala City in July 2007,the IOC approved the Games.[18]
The Youth Games versions will be shorter:the summer version will last at most twelve days; the winter version will last a maximum of nine days.[19][20] The IOC will allow a maximum of 3,500 athletes and 875 officials to participate at the summer games,while 970 athletes and 580 officials are expected at the winter games.[18] Each participating country would send at least four athletes.The sports contested at these games will be the same as those scheduled for the traditional Games,[17] but with a limited number of disciplines and events,and including some with special appeal to youth.Education and culture are also key components for this Youth edition.
Estimated cost for the game are currently $30 million for the summer and $15鈥?20 million for winter games.[21] It has been stated the IOC will "foot the bill" for the Youth Games.
The first host city will be Singapore in 2010; the bidding for the first Winter edition in 2012 is underway.
姣旇禌澶ч」
Swimming
Diving
Synchronized Swimming
Water Polo
Archery
Athletics
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
Boxing
Canoe/Kayak Flatwater
Canoe/Kayak Slalom
Cycling
Equestrian
Fencing
Football
Gymnastics Artistic
Gymnastics Rhythmic
Gymnastics Trampoline
Handball
Hockey
Judo
Modern Pentathlon
Rowing
Sailing
Shooting
Softball
Table Tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
Beach Volleyball
Weightlifting
Wrestling
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http://www.ewstudy.com/Olympic/